- ep.Njt; Mde;j; gHdhe;J
Ntk;ghw;wpy; 1537
y; fj;Njhypf;f kiwiaj; jOtpa gujt kf;fs; jq;fSf;nfd Myak; xd;wpid cUthf;fpdH. 1579
Mk; Mz;bd; NrR rig Fwpg;gpy; Ntk;ghw;wpYs;s MyakhdJ Kj;Jf;Fspj;Jiwapd;
Myaq;fspy; kpfg; nghpaJk;> cNuhkhGhpapy; fhzg;gLk; Myaq;fSf;F epfuhdJkhf
cs;sJ vd;w Fwpg;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. njhlHe;J eilngw;w gy;NtW gilnaLg;GfshYk;> fhy
khw;wj;jhYk; Mt;thyak; rpijTw;wJ. ,jd; gpd; mNj ,lj;jpy; Gjpa Myak; xd;wpid
,uz;lhtjhf ek;ktHfs; mikj;jdH mt;thyaKk; rpijtile;jJk; jw;NghJs;s Myaj;ij
cUthf;fp 1915 y; mgpN~fKk; elj;jpdH.
Gjpa Myaj;ij
mikj;jJk; jq;fspd; gioa Myak; ,Ue;j gFjpia ikathbahf khw;wpdH. 1963 y;
ikathbahd CUf;F ntspNa nrd;wJ 1964 Mk; Mz;L tiu Chpd; ikag;gFjpapNy ikathb
mike;jpUe;jJ. gpd; ikathb ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy;
ek;ktH jpU. nry;tk; fhF mtHfs; Gdpj nrg];jpahhpd; kzpkz;lgj;ij mikj;jhH. jw;Nghija
Gdpj nrg];jpahH kzpkz;lgj;jpd; gpd;Gwk; fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;L xd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,f;fy;ntl;L fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;L vd;gjhy; ,f;fy;yiwapy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l egH
Fwpj;j nra;jpfNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdpDk; mjidAk; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L tuyhw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpNa ,f;fl;LiuahFk;.
mf;fy;ntl;by; Kjyhtjhf
kapy; rpd;dKk; mijj; njhlHe;J fPNo fhzg;gLk; trdq;fSk;; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
1602
k; tUrk; Ig;grp khjk;
2k; Njjp Ntk;ghj;jpy; gl;lq;fl;b
Rthk; thR milg;gdhH
kfs; mk;GnwhR f;$] Tila
ngz;rhjp khpa jthR it
mlf;fpd Fop thry;
2k; Njjp Ntk;ghj;jpy; gl;lq;fl;b
Rthk; thR milg;gdhH
kfs; mk;GnwhR f;$] Tila
ngz;rhjp khpa jthR it
mlf;fpd Fop thry;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
,f;fy;ntl;bid Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fy;ntl;bd; fhyk; fp.gp. 1602 vd;Wk; Ig;grp khjk;
,uz;lhk; Njjp vd;gij njspthf mwpa KbfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; kapy; rpd;dKk;
gl;lq;fl;b milg;gdhH vd;w gl;lg;ngaUk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kjyhtjhf kapy; rpd;dk;
vd;gJ> FWepy kd;dHfshf tpsq;fpa gujthpd; ehd;F rpd;dq;fSs; kapYk; xd;whFk;. NkYk;
gujthpd; kd;duhf tpsq;fpa [hjpj; jiythpd; gazg; gy;yhf;fpYk; kapy; rpd;dk;
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gJk;> mtuJ 21 nfhbfspy; kapy; nfhbAk; xd;whf
tpsq;FfpwJ.
mtw;Wld;
kl;Lkpd;wp ,f;fy;ntl;bd; rkfhyj;ij xl;ba fy;ntl;Lfs; J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk;
tPughz;bad;gl;lzk; Mfpa gFjpfspy; cs;sd. mf;fy;ntl;LfspYk; kapy; rpd;dNk
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,it midj;ijAk; cw;WNehf;Fk; NghJ kapy; vd;gJ gujthpd; mur rpd;dkhf
,Ue;Js;sij cWjp nra;a KbfpwJ.
mLj;jjhf
Ntk;ghj;jpy; vd;gJ ekJ}iuf; Fwpf;Fk;. mf;fhyk; KjNy ekJ}H Ntk;ghW vd;Nw toq;fp
te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F jf;f rhd;whf ,f;fy;ntl;L jpfo;fpwJ. Vnddpy;
Ntk;ghw;wpy; vd;gNj ,q;F Ntk;ghj;jpy; vdg; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntk;ghH
vd;wpUe;jhy; Ntk;ghhpy; vdg; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fy;ntl;bd; %yk;
Ntk;ghW vd;w gjkhdJ mf;fhyj;jpNy ekJ}Uf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;
mwpa KbfpwJ. vdpDk; Gdpj rNthpahH jkJ fbjq;fspy; ekJ}iu Ngk;ghH vdf;
ifahz;Ls;shH vd;gijAk; ehk; ,q;F epidT $Hjy; Ntz;Lk;.
NghHj;Jf;fP]pahpd; MSiff;F Kd;G gujt kf;fs;
jq;fs; CH jiytHfis gl;bq;fl;bfs; vd;Nw mioj;J te;jdH. NghHj;Jf;fP]pahpd;
MSiff;Fg;gpd; NghHj;Jf;fP]paHfs; Gjpa rhjpj;jiyikia cUthf;fpdH. mtw;iw Ntk;ghW
Kjy; kzg;ghL tiu tho;e;j gujtHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH. vdNt jhd; mg;gFjpfs; vOflw;Wiw vd;Wk;> rhjpjiytdhH
V*HNfhkfdhH vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhH. Mdhy; nghpajhio Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu
tho;e;j gujtHfs; Gjpa rhjpj;jiyikia Vw;f kWj;J jq;fspd; gioa cs;SH jiytHfshd
gl;lq;fl;bfspd; jiyikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldH.
,it kl;Lkpd;wp
gl;lq;fl;b vd;gJ gujt rhjpj; jiytuhy; mspf;fg;gLk; caHe;j tpUjhFk;. rptg;G
epwj;jpy; NfhLfs; tiuag;gl;l Jzpapid Chpy; ed; kjpg;G ngw;wtUf;F jiyapy; gujt
rhjpj; jiytH mzptpj;J tpLthH. mtHfs; gl;lq;fl;bfs; vd miof;fg;gLtH. r%f
me;j];jpidg; ngw;Ws;s CH nghpatHfs; gyUk; ,g;gl;lj;ijg; ngWtH. Mdhy; fy;ntl;by;
fhzg;gLk; gl;lq;fl;b vd;gJ NghHj;JfP]pauhy; ,uhNk];tuk; Kjy; Ntk;ghW tiuahd
flNyhug; gFjpia fz;fhzpf;Fk; cs;ehl;Lj; jiytuhFk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy;
,uhNk];tuk; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiuahd flw;gFjp ehd;F gFjpfshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtw;Ws; xd;iw epHthfpg;gtUf;F gl;lq;fl;b vd;w tpUij
NghHj;Jf;fP]paH toq;FtH mt;thW mg;gFjpfspy; xd;iw epHtfpj;J te;jtNu ekJ}hpd;
Rthk; thR milg;gdhH MthH. ,jpy; milg;gdhH vd;gJ [hjpj; jiytuhy; cs;SH
epHthfj;ij ftdpf;f mikf;fg;gl;l CH jiytH MthH. ,jd; %yk; ,tH ,uz;L nghWg;GfisAk;
epHthfpj;Js;shH vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,it kl;Lkpd;wp ,f;fy;ntl;L %yk; gujthpy;
gl;lq;fl;b> milg;gdhH vd;w gjtpfs; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jjpid ,f;fy;ntl;L cyfpw;F
njhpag;gLj;JfpwJ.
,f;fy;yiwf;
fy;ntl;L Ntk;ghW gl;lq;fl;b Rthk; thR milg;gdhhpd; kfSk;> mk;GnwhR f;$] Tila ngz;rhjpAkhd
khpa j thR vd;w ngz;zpd; fy;yiwapd; Nky; mike;j fy;ntl;lhFk;. ,jpy; thR kw;Wk; f;$] vd;gJ gujthpd;
FLk;gg; ngaHfs; MFk;.
Ntk;ghhpy;
mikf;fg;gl;l Kjy; Myaj;ij mikf;f Ntk;ghW gl;lq;fl;b Rthk; thR milg;gdhhpd;
cjtpia rq;;. n`d;wpf; n`d;wpf;]; Rthkpfs; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUj KbfpwJ.
mt;thyaNk cNuhikapd; Myaq;fspd; mofpw;F rw;Wk; Fiwahky; nghpa Myakhf
mike;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; mf;fhyj;jpy; rq;;. n`d;wpf; n`d;wpf;]; RthkpfNs
Ntk;ghW> J}j;Jf;Fb kw;Wk; Gd;df;fhay; gFjpfsp;d; gq;Fj;je;ijahfg;
gzpahw;wpdH. vdNt Nghjpa FUf;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; CHjiytHfs; kw;Wk; Nfhtpy;
gps;isfspd; nghWg;gpNy Myak; guhkhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kj;Jf;Fspj;Jiwf;F te;J NrHe;j Gdpj rNthpahH ,q;Fs;s kf;fs; ngaustpy; kl;LNk
fpwp];jtHfshf cs;sdH. vdNt Nghjpa FUf;fis mDg;GkhW jk; fbjj;jpy; Gdpj
,Q;QhrpahUf;F njhptpg;gij ehk; epidT $Hjy; mtrpakhFk;.
,tw;wpd;; %yk;
Nfhapypd; guhkhpg;G fhhpaq;fspy; <LgLk; nghWg;gpidg; ngw;w Ntk;ghW
gl;lq;fl;b Rthk; thR milg;gdhhpd; kfis mf;fhyj;jpy; Mya Kw;wj;jpy; mlf;fk;
nra;jpUf;fyhk; (jw;NghJ FUf;fSf;F mj;jifa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLtijg; Nghy) vdTk;>
Myak; gOjile;jJk; mf;fw;fisf; nfhz;Nl Gjpa Myak; mikf;fg;gl;ljhy; mf;fy;ntl;L
mNj ,lj;jpNy epiy ngw;W jw;Nghija ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vdf; nfhsy; Ntz;Lk;.
,itaidj;ijAk; tpl
Ntk;ghw;wpy; epytpa Rj;jkhd jkpo; nkhop eilr; rpwg;gpid mwpa ,f;fy;ntl;L
nghpJk; cjTfpwJ. ,f;fy;ntl;by; gpw nkhop fyg;gpd;wp midj;J vOj;JfSk; jkpo; thp tbtj;ijNa
nfhz;Ls;sd. jkpopd; mr;Rj; je;if vd miof;fg;gLk; rq;;. n`d;wpf; n`d;wpf;];
Rthkpfs; jhk; jkpo; gapd;wJ Ntk;ghw;wpNy vd;gij jk; fbjj;jpy; njspTgLj;JfpwhH.
,d;wsTk; Rj;jkhd jkpo; ngaHfs; Ntk;ghw;wpy; epytp tUtJk; kw;iwa flw;fiu CHfisj;
jtpHj;J Ntk;ghw;wpy; Ngrg;gLk; Ngr;R tof;Fk; rpwg;ghdJ vd;gJ cs;sq;if ney;ypfdp
MFk;.
nkhop
rPHjpUj;jkhdJ tPukh Kdptuhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;w Nehf;fpy; fhZk; NghJ
1742-43 Mfpa ,U tUlq;fspy; Ntk;ghw;wpy; kiwgzp Mw;wpa tPukhKdptH ,f;fy;ntl;bYk;
rPHjpUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUj KbfpwJ. Vnddpy; mf;fhyj;jpy; nka;
vOj;jpd; Nky; nka;g;Gs;spfs; ,Lk; gof;fk; jkpohplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;
,f;fy;ntl;by; fhzg;gLk; vOj;Jfspd; Nky; nka;g;Gs;spfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1537 y; gujth;
fj;Njhypf;f kiwiaj; jOtp ,Ue;jhYk; jw;fhyj;ijg; Nghy; jq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; KOikahf
kj milahsq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;shky; tho;e;J tho;e;J ,f;fy;ntl;L njspthf
Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,f; fy;ntl;by; gujthpd; kapy; rpd;dk; kl;LNk ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
Mdhy; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;by; kapy; rpd;dkhdJ NghHj;Jf;fP]pahpd;
,yr;rpidf;Fs; ,lk; ngWkhW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ,J NghHj;Jf;fP]pahpd; Fbkf;fs;
vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;Wld; “fphpNaNyNrhDk;>
MNt khpahTk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;sTk;” vd;w thHj;ijfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
mLj;jjhf tPughz;bad; gl;lzj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;lhdJ rw;W gpe;jpaJ. Mdhy; ,f;fy;ntl;by;
,Ukapy;fs; xU rpYitiaj; jhq;fpg; gpbj;jthW fhzg;gLfpwJ ,jd;%yk; fpwp];jtk;
gujtUf;Fs; cl;GFj;jg;gl;Ls;sij ed;F mwpa KbfpwJ. Mdhy; ekJ}hpy; fpwp];jtKk;>
NghHj;Jf;fP]pahpd; MSifAk; ed;F fhzg;gbZk; ,f;fy;ntl;L ekJ}H gujtH jk;
jdpj;jd;ikAld; tho;e;jdH vd;gijg; giwrhw;WfpwJ.
NghHj;Jf;fP]paH
kl;LNk jq;fs; fy;yiwfspd; Nky; fy;ntl;bidg; nghwpf;Fk; tof;fj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jdH. mtHfisg; gpd;gw;wp gujtNu jkpofj;jpy; Kjd; Kjypy; jkJ fy;yiwapd;
Nky; fy;ntl;ilg; nghwpj;jdH. rq;ffhyk; Kjy; jkpohplk; fy;yiw fy;ntl;L
nghwpf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. kd;dhpd; fy;yiwfSk; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y. mt;thW
Nehf;Fk; NghJ jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpfg;goikahd fy;yiwf; fy;ntl;L ekJ}hpNy fhzg;gLfpwJ
vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 
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